NEW YORK, NY.- For four decades, a sculpture of artfully placed granite boulders bordering a reflecting pool occupied the courtyard of an international headquarters in Washington, D.C., creating an urban oasis in the shadows of the tall modernist buildings.

But six years ago, the National Geographic Society decided that the sculpture, known as “Marabar” and designed by artist Elyn Zimmerman, was in the way of expansion plans for its headquarters, and later agreed to help find it a new home.

Now the boulders, reconfigured a bit but still weighing some 225 tons, surround a different, crescent-shaped reflecting pool, in an open space on the campus of American University. The spot is sunnier than the old home of the sculpture, which also has a new name, “Sudama,” after a granite cave in India carved during the third century B.C.

“One thing I noticed was how much light fell on the whole ensemble,” Zimmerman said.

On Tuesday the university will officially rededicate the sculpture, which has been placed atop a hill behind the university’s Kay Spiritual Life Center, near a grove of cherry blossoms and a slope covered with daffodils.

Sylvia Burwell, American University’s president, said that within hours of the construction fences coming down, she watched from her office window as students gathered at the sculpture.

“There were so many,” she said. “Some of them contemplating, just sitting and thinking.”

Major works of landscape architecture are rarely moved, but when they do relocate, the process raises all kinds of questions, not just about logistics including who is going to pay for the trucks, but also about how the forms interact in a changed space.

Zimmerman said her goal was to preserve the granite shapes of the five large central boulders that she carefully crafted more than 40 years ago. She shifted the angles slightly, and moved seven ancillary stones closer to the pool than they had been at National Geographic.

“What appealed to me about this site was that it was so very different from the original location of ‘Marabar,’” Zimmerman said. “The new site indicated a different vocabulary.”

The rededication was a welcome outcome, according to Charles Birnbaum, president of the Cultural Landscape Foundation, which fought to save the sculpture when it no longer fit, given National Geographic’s expansion plan.

“You could say that it’s been revived, and make an analogy with the theater,” Birnbaum said. “This is a happy occasion, like a great revival where the original artist is reconceiving the work in a different context, just as playwrights have done for many decades.”

Elizabeth Meyer, director of the Landscape Studies Initiative at the University of Virginia, described the relocation effort, which took “Marabar” from one site only to reemerge as “Sudama” at another, as incredible because Zimmerman had full agency to reimagine and relocate her own work.

“Site matters,” Meyer said. “It definitely matters.”

“Marabar,” Zimmerman’s original work, was named after a fictional cave referenced in E.M. Forster’s novel “A Passage to India.” Commissioned in 1981, it was an immediate success. David Childs, architect for the society’s 1980s expansion, remembered there was applause at the meeting when plans for the sculpture were unveiled.

Zimmerman said her design was influenced by a trip to northwest India, where she toured some of the Barabar Caves — the inspiration for the Marabar caves in Forster’s novel. For her sculpture, she carefully selected, shaped and polished a dozen granite boulders she found in Minnesota and the Dakotas and then had them trucked to Washington.

But “Marabar” was in the way when the society drew up plans to build a new entrance pavilion with a rooftop garden and submitted them to District of Columbia in 2019. The society had told Zimmerman of its plan to remove the sculpture and asked if she had an alternative site. The removal plan drew strong criticism and the society later took the lead in helping to relocate the work at its own expense.




“They stepped up and they did the right thing,” Zimmerman said of the society. “I’m very grateful.”

Duncan Phillips, a spokesperson for the National Geographic Society, said the organization would not disclose how much it spent to relocate Zimmerman’s artwork.

“We are honored,” the society said in a statement, “to donate this important work of art, which has been reimagined by the artist in an installation for this new site, in a setting selected by the artist for quiet contemplation.”

Zimmerman, 77, took a direct role in the relocation project, which began last fall when the huge rocks were trucked over to the university campus. “She controlled every tiny little aspect of this,” said Jack Rasmussen, director and curator of American University’s museum, and now a chief steward for “Sudama.”

Zimmerman was given a choice of eight different sites on the university’s 84-acre campus, which was designated as an arboretum two decades ago, and whose initial design, though largely unfulfilled, was drawn up by landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted.

Rasmussen, who toured the campus with her, said he was skeptical of Zimmerman’s top pick at first. “Even when I saw the design, I thought, ‘How does that fit?’” he said. “But I guess I didn’t have enough of an imagination. It really works.”

“Sudama” is now a second response to Zimmerman’s trip to India all of those years ago.

“There are whole temples carved out of living rocks,” Zimmerman said. “It’s just astonishing that any pre-mechanical society could create this.”

Ancient monks, she said, polished granite walls to a fine sheen, having discovered that changing the surface allowed their chants to reverberate and linger.

When real estate or other concerns arise, public art installations are often just removed. A notable example to the contrary is Robert Irwin’s “9 Spaces 9 Trees.” His 1983 commission was relocated from a plaza adjacent to Seattle’s Public Safety Building before that building was demolished. The installation was recreated in 2007 on the University of Washington’s nearby campus.

In the initial setting outside Seattle’s police headquarters, Irwin’s vision of multiple fenced-in areas, each containing a tree, was not always popular with pedestrians. But Meyer, of the University of Virginia, said she had always admired the work because of its play with light and division of space, and also because its adjacency to a building containing cells invited conversation about incarceration.

Meyer said the power of that setting is lost now that the work is on a college campus adjacent to an art gallery. “Is it a good thing that Robert Irwin’s work was saved but decontextualized, or is it a travesty?” she said. “That’s the question I ask.”

Janae Huber, collections manager for Art in Public Places at the Washington State Arts Commission, which oversees Irwin’s installation, said she believes the work was worth saving, in large part because Irwin was directly involved in reimagining it.

The artist selected new trees for the enclosures, switching from flowering plums to hawthorns, and opted to replace deteriorating blue wiring that surrounded the enclosures in downtown Seattle with a more resilient purple screen. Only the metal frames and some of the benches from the original artwork remain.

Most passersby are probably unaware that Irwin’s work once stood next to a jail, Huber said, and now on warm days, she spots students using the enclosures as outdoor library carrels.

“They use it to sit and study, helping people feel solitary on a busy campus, but in a positive way,” she said.

Still, she said she understands why experts like Meyer consider “9 Spaces” a seminal site-specific work.

“Reasonable people are going to ask, ‘Why did they do this?’” Huber said. “History will probably sometimes judge us negatively for the choices that we make, but these are complicated choices. It’s never perfect.”

This article originally appeared in The New York Times.