PASADENA, CALIF.- The Norton Simon Museum presents Plugged In: Art and Electric Light, an exhibition that explores the emergence of electric light as an artistic medium in the mid-20th century as artists engaged with new technology, mass media and industrial materials. These themes are explored through 11 works of art produced between 1964 and 1970, all drawn from the Museum’s collections. Presented in the Museum’s lower-level exhibition wing, Plugged In is on view through February 17, 2025, concurrent with the Getty-led initiative PST ART: Art & Science Collide.

The 8 artists represented in Plugged In—Walter Askin, Laddie John Dill, Dan Flavin, Robert Irwin, Jess, Robert Rauschenberg, Allen Ruppersberg and Andy Warhol incorporated electric light into their practice as a way to shape and respond to sweeping artistic and social change. For some, accelerated innovations in electronics and industrial production sparked collaborations among artists, engineers and fabricators that investigated electric light from aesthetic and scientific perspectives. Other artists employed the ephemeral medium in deeply personal, sometimes anti scientific ways, by literally illuminating the most intimate parts of themselves, or incorporating the effects of domestic lighting to provide psychological relief from the devastating fallout of technological warfare. Still others created transcendent experiences out of mundane light sources, repurposing the corporate glare of prefabricated fixtures to question the very definition of art.

Robert Rauschenberg’s Green Shirt (1965–67) is an intricate marriage of technical skill and artistic vision. Due to its monumental size—10 feet high and 20 feet long—the sculpture has been installed on its own at eye-level in the final gallery of the exhibition, visible as visitors enter and navigate the exhibition. Resembling an amalgam of commercial signage, the work is adorned with multicolored neon tubes bent into motifs derived from various works in Rauschenberg’s oeuvre. (The artist had used neon only once before in Map Room II from 1965, a performance piece in which he waved two glowing tubes activated by a Tesla coil held in his opposite hand.) Despite Green Shirt’s unique place in Rauschenberg’s production, it was born out of his typical collaborative practice—in this case, with Artkraft Strauss, a sign-manufacturing firm that fabricated neon. Over the years, some electrical elements have been replaced to make the sculpture safer and more energy-efficient, though present-day neon specialists still comment on the elegance of the original wiring.

Unlike Rauschenberg, whose artistic identity cleaved to technological innovation, Dan Flavin insisted on the low-tech nature of his works, which were composed entirely of prefabricated fluorescent lights. Flavin’s aesthetic repurposing of factory floor lighting alters the viewer’s perception of architectural space, with the intention of activating fundamental emotions. He experimented with multidirectional installations, such as “monument” on the survival of Mrs. Reppin (1966), a triangular arrangement of three warm white tubes and one red, installed in a corner at roughly eye level. The collision of red and white does not play well with other light sources, and Flavin intended the work to be viewed in isolation. Mrs. Reppin was part of Flavin’s enigmatic “monuments” series, in which he used specific colors to commemorate the stories of historical figures and personal connections—in this case, the harrowing experiences of one Mrs. Reppin, a friend’s mother-in-law, during World War II. The medium of electric light, however, creates an ironic twist—what good is a monument that will endure only for the lifespan of a fluorescent lamp?

The multimedia artist known as Jess (born Burgess Collins), had a complicated relationship with the fundamentals of matter, beginning as a chemistry student at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, and then as a plutonium engineer for the Manhattan Project, which created the world’s first atomic weapons. His anxiety about the rise of nuclear power led him to change careers and turn to art, which he saw as “an antidote to the scientific method.” Jess occasionally used incandescent light bulbs as a way of activating the past lives of salvaged objects. Assembly Lamp Eight (1966), one of a series, is a maximalist arrangement of glass lantern slides with images of families, landscapes, workshops and harbor scenes, decoupaged with magazine clippings and lit from within by electric candle lights. The lamp is both an unnerving lightbox revealing histories that are not wholly interpretable, and a gentle source of illumination suitable for a living room. Familiar yet uncomfortable, Assembly Lamp invites imaginative looking and irresolvable curiosity, which Jess saw as a strength of art, liberated from “objective” scientific thinking.

Plugged In: Art and Electric Light is organized by Maggie Bell, Associate Curator at the Norton Simon Museum.

Conservation Note: Where possible, LEDs have been installed in place of original incandescent lightbulbs with the permission of the artist or artist’s estate. Electrical components, such as transformers, have also been replaced with newer models to reduce power draw and increase the safety and longevity of these works.