NEW YORK, NY.- Spotify arrived more than a decade ago with an appealing proposition: Listeners could leave their CDs and downloads behind and stream virtually every song ever released. It made the platform a top power in the music business and ushered in competitors like Apple Music, Amazon Music and Tidal, helping reverse the industry’s nosedive.

Spotify remains the biggest music streaming service. But a few years ago it pivoted to add a buzzy format to its portfolio: podcasts. The move made the service a smorgasbord of audio entertainment — part music service, part news outlet, part always-on gabfest. It may have also set the company on a collision course with artists and left listeners with a less-than-complete library of songs.

Last week, Neil Young kicked off a storm in the music business and on social media when he demanded that his music — including rock classics like “Heart of Gold” and “Cinnamon Girl” — be removed from Spotify. He was protesting the company’s support of Joe Rogan, its star podcaster, who has been criticized for promoting misinformation about the coronavirus and vaccines.

Even in an era when tech companies like Twitter, YouTube and Facebook are constantly policing content about COVID-19 on their platforms — and facing blowback from both sides of the free speech debate for doing so — it was a rare instance of a top musician taking a stance that would affect his bottom line. Young said that 60% of his streaming income comes from Spotify.

He was quickly followed by Joni Mitchell, another musical icon whose cultural influence far exceeds her commercial impact online. Then R&B singer India.Arie and two musicians who have played with Young — guitarist Nils Lofgren and Graham Nash — said they would also pull their music from Spotify in solidarity.

Young’s withdrawal led to quick marketing moves by Spotify’s competitors. Apple advertised itself as “the home of Neil Young,” and SiriusXM revived a Neil Young channel.

So far the commercial impact of the controversy is unclear. Many users have taken to social media to declare that they were canceling their subscriptions. The company may well face questions about this from Wall Street analysts when it announces its fourth-quarter earnings report Wednesday.

On Sunday, after most of Young’s and Mitchell’s music was taken down, Daniel Ek, Spotify’s CEO and co-founder, published the service’s platform rules and said Spotify would add “content advisory” flags on podcast episodes about the pandemic. “It is important to me that we don’t take on the position of being content censor,” Ek said. In a video, Rogan promised to offer more “balance” on his show, and said he was a fan of Young’s and Mitchell’s (although he mixed Mitchell up with singer Rickie Lee Jones).

Whether that will be enough to quell a further artist revolt is yet to be seen, although Young’s gauntlet immediately became a cultural talking point. On Tuesday’s episode of “The View,” on ABC, Joy Behar called on younger stars like Taylor Swift to choose sides. “Let’s see some young people do it,” Behar said. “Let’s see Taylor and those guys take a stand.”

For longtime observers of Spotify, the Young episode is the latest strain in the company’s complex and frequently troubled relationship with artists. Much of that trouble has been over money. In 2014, Swift removed her entire catalog from Spotify, saying that the service’s “freemium” model — it has an ad-supported tier that lets users listen for free, and offers paid subscriptions to remove ads and add other perks — because, she believed, it did not fairly compensate artists for their work; it was nearly three years before she added her music back.

Recently, many musicians have spoken out over what they see as the unfairness of the streaming model overall — in which each stream usually generates just a fraction of a cent in payments — although Spotify and YouTube have borne the brunt of that critique.

Spotify has stumbled over questions of censorship before. In 2018, it briefly attempted to remove from playlists songs by R. Kelly and rapper XXXTentacion — who had both been accused of sexual misconduct — through a “hateful conduct” policy but canceled the initiative after an outcry in the industry.




But Spotify is no longer so easy for any artist to walk away from. Streaming now accounts for 84% of sales revenues in the United States, according to industry data, and Spotify has 172 million paying subscribers — about 31% of the worldwide total and more than double that of its closest competitor, Apple Music, according to Midia Research, a market research firm.

That has made Spotify a key financial partner of record companies and a “necessary evil” for artists, said George Howard, an associate professor at the Berklee College of Music in Boston and a former record and digital music executive.

“Not many artists would say, ‘I love Spotify,’” Howard said. “But many labels, whether they like or dislike Spotify’s values, are absolutely delighted by the fire hose of money that has flowed to them.”

Rogan’s position within Spotify’s business has made his show, “The Joe Rogan Experience,” an important target for critics. While many podcasts are distributed widely to multiple platforms, Rogan’s is exclusive to Spotify, after a 2020 licensing deal that has been reported to be worth $100 million or more, although Spotify has never confirmed that figure. As critics see it, that makes Spotify the publisher of Rogan’s show and therefore acutely responsible for it.

So far, some of the sharpest responses to Spotify have come from its own podcast hosts. On Monday, the hosts of “Science Vs,” another Spotify podcast, said on Twitter that the company’s support of Rogan “has felt like a slap in the face” and announced that the show would comb through the claims made by Dr. Robert Malone, a guest on Rogan’s show Dec. 31, whose remarks drew a sharp rebuke from public health experts. Author Brené Brown, whose Spotify shows like “Unlocking Us” have been heavily promoted by the company, said over the weekend that she will not be releasing any further podcasts “until further notice.”

Few expect a stampede of musicians to leave the service, especially major new artists, given the primary role that Spotify plays in getting their music heard and in driving much of their other business, like touring.

“It would take a really brave new front-line artist to go, ‘I’m going to say something which might antagonize half my fan base,’” said Mark Mulligan of Midia.

One kink may be whether artists have the contractual right to remove their music. Their recordings are typically controlled by record companies, which strike licensing deals with online services like Spotify.

Some artists’ contracts with their labels may give them the right to pull their music from online outlets for certain reasons, but others don’t, said Jeffrey M. Liebenson, a lawyer who has represented record companies and digital services. And even if those rights are exercised, a service could raise objections to a mass exodus.

“Sometimes, the label can request a takedown if there’s a bona fide artist relations issue,” Liebenson said. “But the platform can get a little concerned: ‘Are they doing this because they have a legitimate artist relations issue or are they waging a war against us?’”

In a public statement last week, Young thanked his record label, Reprise Records, a division of the Warner Music Group, as well as his music publishers, for standing by him. He also shot a flare up for other artists to follow his lead but seemed to know already that their numbers may be small.

“I sincerely hope that other artists can make a move,” Young wrote, “but I can’t really expect that to happen.”

This article originally appeared in The New York Times.