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Excuse my French: Franglais rappers raise hackles in Quebec |
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Members of the Franglais rap group Dead Obies, in their studio in Montreal, March 17, 2020. Critics in Montreal say hip-hop artists mixing French and English are threatening the future of the French language in the majority Francophone province. Nasuna Stuart-Ulin/The New York Times.
by Dan Bilefsky
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MONTREAL (NYT NEWS SERVICE).- As pungent pot smoke filled the air in a bunkerlike, dimly lit basement recording studio in Montreal, the Quebec rapper Snail Kid pondered a question befitting these pandemic times: What word rhymes with Purell?
Mulling how to fit the hand sanitizer into his latest rap lyric, he considered the English words well, smell and toaster strudel before toying with the French words pluriel and ruelle.
Then, Snail Kid, 30, a member of the popular Quebec hip-hop group Dead Obies began to rap:
Le monde ici est cruel
On nest plus well
(The world here is cruel. We are no longer well.)
Now everyone is going to be competing to find the best rhyme for quarantine or corona, mused Snail Kid, whose real name is Gregory Beaudin. Beaudin grew up speaking the native English of his Jamaican-born father, a reggae singer, as well as the French of his Montreal-born mother, a French teacher.
The bilingual wordplay in the cavernous recording studio reflected how the coronavirus has changed not only how we live, but popular culture. It was also notable for another reason particular to Montreal: The group was rapping in Franglais or Frenglish, mixing English and French with artistic abandon that irks some purists.
The Dead Obies are part of a new generation of young Quebec hip-hop artists who meld the language of Shakespeare and Voltaire with the urban poetry of Montreals street life and the bling-bling, drug-fueled themes of some American hip-hop.
Other artists of this generation are Loud and FouKi.
To their legions of fans, the groups give voice to the bilingual vernacular of a multicultural city, marinated by its past French and British rulers, the forces of globalization and successive waves of immigration.
Franglais rappers reflect that the younger generation in Quebec dont care about old orthodoxies and are open to the world, said Sugar Sammy, a Quebec comedian with Punjabi roots who became a global sensation after pioneering a bilingual comedy show.
But they have also spawned a backlash in Quebec, a majority French-speaking province, where critics have castigated them as self-colonizers who are creolizing the French language and threatening its future.
And they have lost out on lucrative federal government funding for Francophone artists because their content wasnt French enough.
Mathieu Bock-Côté, a sociologist and influential columnist at Le Journal de Montréal, said Franglais rappers were a worrying sign that the younger generation in Quebec had lost sight of the fragility of the French language in the city and were turning to English as a default to show emotion and express themselves.
Franglais is a slippery slope toward Anglicization, he said. These bourgeois-bohemian adolescents who think speaking English or Franglais will make Montreal into a New York are deluded because it is the French language that gives the city its cachet.
Without French, Montreal would be Pittsburgh, he added.
Questions of language are inextricably bound up with identity in Quebec, a province of about 8.5 million people where the British minority exerted its language and culture after Quebec was ceded to Britain in 1763 following Frances defeat in the Seven Years War.
French-speakers of a certain age can still recall being admonished by members of the Anglophone minority at factories to speak white, or speak English.
Today, language laws require that French be the official language of government, business and the courts.
Concerned that the Franglais greeting of Bonjour-hi was becoming too ubiquitous in Montreal shops and restaurants, the Quebec government in late 2017 passed a nonbinding resolution calling for shopkeepers to say only Bonjour instead.
A French citizen was recently denied a certificate she needed to settle permanently in Quebec. Her offense? Writing a chapter of her doctoral thesis in English rather than in French. After an outcry, the right-leaning Quebec government granted her the document.
Yet in recent years, Quebecs influential language watchdog has shown some flexibility, alluding to the evolving nature of language.
It ruled that using grilled-cheese on menus instead of the more long-winded sandwich au fromage fondant would not breach Quebecs language rules, while cocktail, drag queen, and haggis were also deemed acceptable in French.
At the same time, the watchdog has been successful at encouraging Quebecers to say courriel instead of the pervasive English word email used by many in France.
Beaudin, who grew up in Hochelaga-Maisonneuve, a working-class neighborhood in the eastern part of Montreal, said the Dead Obies hadnt set out to make a political statement. Rather, they were merely mimicking the language and sounds of Québécois French, where words and expressions like cest le fun (its fun) and mon chum (my boyfriend) were commonplace.
Brought up on English video games and Facebook, he said he and his friends didnt have neuroses about language. Moreover, he argued, a society that attacked its artists was discriminatory, insecure and misguided.
You can be more creative when you are rapping in two languages, he added.
To make his point, he rapped a few lines from a Dead Obies song that switches midsentence from French to English:
Je te jure que Billie Jean is not my lover
Nope, nope
Cest juste une fille que je meet sur le E dans le after hours
(I swear to you that Billie Jean is not my lover. Nope, nope. Its just a girl I meet on E at the after-hours.)
As a biracial teenager in Montreal, Beaudin said he had been attracted to rappers like Eminem and Jay-Z and had turned to Franglais rap for cultural affirmation. Rapping in two languages spliced with street slang was also a way to revolt against a Québécois cultural elite dominated by white Francophone artists.
But he said rapping in Franglais has come at a heavy cost. The group lost subsidies of about $18,000 on their second album from a national government fund for Francophone artists because it was 55% French and 45% English.
The funding was predicated on an album having at least 70% French content.
The equivalent Anglophone fund stipulated that French content on an album be no more than 50%, making them ineligible for that, too.
Now we count how many words we say in French or in English, he said. In a small domestic market like Quebec, artists need subsidies to survive.
Nicolas Ouellet, host of a popular music show on Radio-Canada, Canadas leading French-language radio station, said Franglais rappers were largely omitted from commercial radio stations and sneered at for not being part of Quebecs folklore.
But, he said, rather than bastardizing Québécois French, they are acting as a bridge between Quebec and the rest of North America.
Montreal has become among the most bilingual cities in North America, alongside Miami and Los Angeles. According to 2016 national census figures, about 18% of Canadians speak both English and French, with Quebec driving the bilingualism.
While some guardians of the French language fear creeping bilingualism, the resistance to Franglais rap is more than just a question of language.
FouKi, a popular Quebec rapper whose real name is Léo Fougères, observed that Franglais rapping didnt just irritate defenders of the French language.
My father will hear my raps and say to me, Isnt there a word for that in French? he said. But other older people say to me, I dont understand anything you say.
© 2020 The New York Times Company
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